A particular advantage is that they are thixotropic. Skeleton structures simplified or skeleton structures can be used to emphasize the functional groups. Natural vs synthetic polymers gelfand center carnegie. Polymer waste is a serious burden for the environment because common organisms. Monomers do not have to be of a single atom type, but when referring to a specific monomer it is understood to be of the same composition structure. Types of synthetic organic polymers introduction to. Synthetic polymers are an attractive class of materials due to the ability to tailor the material properties for specific applications such as altering the molecular weight or chemistry to influence degradation or mechanical properties kohane and langer, 2008. Polymers, therefore, means many parts, and polymers are made of many monomers or single parts. Then there is detailed information on structure, characteristics and uses of five natural polymers which are natural rubber, ribonuclelic acidrna, starch, cellulose and chitosan.
For polymers, one useful classification is whether they are thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers. The most obvious one is low density for ease of transport and installation, but corrosion resistance is also important for products destined for a long life in a building. Three types of natural polymers are polysaccharides, proteins, and nuclei acids. Linear polymers these polymers consist of long and straight chains. Biopolymers contain monomeric units that are covalently bonded to form larger structures. Due to their broad range of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers play essential and ubiquitous roles in everyday life. It briefs you about what a polymer is and the examples of natural as well as synthetic polymers. A polymer can be a 3dimensional 3d network imagine of a repeating unit joined together left and right, back and front, up and down or it is a 2dimensional 2d network imagine of the repeating units linked together right, left, down, and up in a sheet or a 1dimensional 1d network. The revision notes help you revise the whole chapter 15 in minutes. Natural polymers polymers that are naturally obtained or extracted from nature living organisms are referred to as natural polymers.
Cellulose, starch, lignin, chitin, and various polysaccharides are included in this group. Polymers are not restricted to monomers of the same chemical composition or molecular weight and structure. There are three main classes of biopolymers, classified according to the monomeric units used and the structure of the biopolymer formed. Semisynthetic polymers these polymers are obtained from natural polymers by simple chemical treatment to change the physical properties of natural polymers like starch, silicones. The team has a well defined and recognized research experience on synthetic polymers and is constituted by specialists on polymer synthesis.
Upon application of a stress to a rubber material, such as blowing up a balloon or stretching a rubber band, the polymer chain, which is. Pdf application of natural polymers in food researchgate. I structure and properties of polymers pavel kratochvil encyclopedia of life support systems eolss are molding, blowing, calendering, casting, extrusion, foaming, spinning of fibers, etc. Introduction definition classification of natural polymers properties and disadvantages biodegradation mechanisms factors affecting on biodegradation of natural polymers uses and applications examples 3. Natural polymers such as starch, xanthan or guar gum, carrageenan, alginates, polysaccharides, pectin, gelatin, agar, and cellulose derivatives can be used for this purpose. Most polymers vary in degree of polymerization and thus molar mass. Oct 16, 2017 natural polymers and synthetic polymers are the two major categories of polymers. Download cbse class 12th revision notes for chapter 15 polymers in pdf format for free. A hydrocarbon backbone being a long chain of linked carbon and hydrogen atoms, possible due to the tetravalent nature of carbon. Most linear polymers and branched structure polymers with flexible chains are thermoplastics. Characteristics, applications and properties of polymers. In addition to these important to life polymers, natural polymers derived from plants and animals have been used by humans for many centuries. Pdf abstract any pharmaceutical formulation contains two ingredients one.
However, the majority of polymers or plastics used for engineering design are synthetic and often they are specifically formulated or designed by chemists or chemical engineers to serve a specific purpose. Natural polymers and biopolymers polymers sigmaaldrich. Zinn, in bioresorbable polymers for biomedical applications, 2017. Carboncarbon bonds of the framework are represented by line segments. When the number of monomers is very large, the compound is sometimes called a high polymer. Natural polymers include cellulose, chiton, carbohydrates like starch and sugar, proteins, dna, rna and natural rubber. There is no cross links between the polymer chains. Our polymers may be used as rheology modifiers to mineral, polar, natural, and ester oils that offer unique structure and film forming properties. If several monomers are involved then the structure can be more.
Condensation polymers form more slowly than addition polymers, often requiring heat, and they are generally lower in molecular weight. Types of synthetic organic polymers introduction to chemistry. Biopolymers often have a welldefined structure, though this is not a defining characteristic example. They have wide range of applications so selection of polymer is the main step in designing any dosage form. One of the oldest known uses of polymers is depicted in the picture below. Examples of synthetic polymers include nylon, polyethylene, polyester, teflon, and epoxy. Download revision notes for polymers class 12 notes and score high in exams. Natural polymers are essential to daily life as our human forms are based on them. Processing and characterization of natural polymers.
Natural polymers, applications, chemical structure, properties. Natural polymers cellulose, chiton, carbohydrates, proteins. The polymers, which occur in nature are called natural polymer also known as biopolymers. The simplest way to understand the term polymer is a beneficial chemical made of many repeating units. Natural polymers include polymer compounds that can be found naturally in our environment. Natural rubber is a polymer of isoprene 2methyl1,3butadiene, see figure 1 in the form of folded polymeric chains which are joined in a network structure and have a high degree of flexibility see figure 2. The cellulose is another natural polymer which is a main structural component of the plants. So what are the reasons for the continued growth in the use of polymers as shown in figure 1. In 1963 karl ziegler and giulio natta shared the nobel prize in chemistry for the development, in the 1950s, of their eponymous catalysts for the production of stereoregular polymers from propylene. Synthetic and naturalbased polymers have found their way into the pharmaceutical and biomedical industries and their applications are growing at a fast pace. A variety of synthetic polymers as plastic polythene, synthetic fibres nylon 6,6 and synthetic rubbers buna s are examples of manmade polymers extensively used in daily life as well as in industry. Polymers, both natural and synthetic, are created via polymerization of many small molecules, known as monomers.
These polymers are nearly impossible to soften when heating without degrading the underlying polymer structure and are thus thermosetting polymers. Natural polymers these polymers are found in nature generally from plants and animals sources. The primary experimental method used to identify functional groups in polymers is infrared spectroscopy ir. Pdf several polymers of both natural and synthetic origin have been. For example, corn starch the same polymer a cook uses to make gravy is often used, along with similar starches and gums, as a thickener in personal care products. Natural polysaccharides have been investigated for drug delivery applications as well as in biomedical fields. The polymers obtained by simple chemical treatment of natural polymers to change their physical properties like starch, silicones 3. Some of the examples of natural polymers are proteins and nucleic acid that occur in human body, cellulose, natural rubber, silk, and wool.
Of shoesand shipsand sealingwax of cabbagesand kings lewis carroll, through the looking glass 1872 shoes, ship, sealing wax, cabbage, and a king the many things listed by the walrus are actually very similar in chemical composition. Natural polymers include such materials as silk, shellac, bitumen, rubber, and cellulose. Here we will list some of the important uses of polymers in our everyday life. Natural polymers are defined as materials that widely occur in nature or are extracted from plants or animals. The growth in the use of polyamides in recent years comes from their increasing use in the automotive industry for example, battery casings, brake hoses, oil sumps and fenders. The word polymer is derived from two greek words, poly that means many numerous and mer which means units. Natural polymers polymers chemistrysource of polymers. Natural polymers tend to be readily biodegradable, although the rate of degradation is generally inversely proportional to the extent of chemical modification. Uses of polymers polypropene has a broad range of usage in industries such as stationery, textiles, packaging, plastics, aircraft, construction, rope, toys. So polymers do have certain intrinsic property advantages which have helped in designing new products. Synthetic polymers are derived from petroleum oil, and made by scientists and engineers. Natural polymers are generally used as rate controlling agents, taste masking agents, protective and stabilizing agents in the oral drug delivery system. Our body too is made up of many natural polymers like nucleic acids, proteins, etc. These polymers are found in nature, example plants and animals.
List of polymers with their uses is helpful in the academic and competitive exam preparations which will also enhance your knowledge. Ease of manufacture helps lower production costs, and also enables large sizes to be made. Biodegradable polymers break due to cleavage of covalent bonds between them and bio erodible polymers bring about erosion of the polymer due to dissolution of linking chains without bringing about any change in chemical structure of the molecule 2. A few examples of a hydrocarbon backbone polymer are polypropylene, polybutylene, polystyrene. Polymers are long chain macromolecules built from repeated smaller chemical structures or mers. Structure of polymers the time has come, the walrus said, to talk of many things. Polypropene finds usage in a broad range of industries such as textiles, packaging, stationery, plastics, aircraft, construction, rope, toys, etc.
All polymers are made of repetitive units called monomers. Nature itself has made good use of structural natural polymers, as in chitin, and. To provide uniform drug delivery certain polymers are used to reduce the frequency of dosing and to increase effectiveness of the drug by localization at the site of action. This is the key difference between natural and synthetic polymers. Synthetic and natural based polymers have found their way into the pharmaceutical and biomedical industries and their applications are growing at a fast pace.
Synthetic polymers are a mainstay of modern life, but nature also makes polymers. Examples are proteins, cellulose, starch, resins and rubber. Most of the natural polymers are formed from the condensation polymers and this formation from the monomers, water is obtained. Natural rubber is from the monomer isoprene 2methyl1,3butadiene, which is a conjugated diene hydrocarbon as mentioned above. There are three different types based on the structure of the polymers. Natural rubber is a polymer of isoprene 2methyl1, 3butadiene, with a joined network structure. Polymers in drug delivery scientific research publishing. On the basis of their occurrence in nature, polymers have been classified in three types 2. They are broadly classified in three categories viz. These are the polymers class 12 notes prepared by team of expert teachers. Natural polymers as advanced materials american chemical society. Proteins are condensation polymers made from amino acid monomers. Natural polymers include proteins, dna, rna, starch, glycogen. These polymers have a similar structure to the polyamides, which have the urethane carbamate group as part of the polymer backbone.
The word polymer designates an unspecified number of monomer units. The polyamides nylons, in particular 6 and 6,6 are used in engineering plastics, for example, in cars. The terminal functional groups on a chain remain active, so that groups of shorter chains combine into longer chains in the late stages of polymerization. Silk is a polymer of the amino acids glycineand alanine. Polymers class 12 notes chemistry mycbseguide cbse papers. Their consequently large molecular mass relative to small molecule compounds produces unique physical properties, including toughness, viscoelasticity, and a tendency to form glasses and semicrystalline structures rather than crystals. Natural rubber is an addition polymer that is obtained as a milky white fluid known as latex from a tropical rubber tree.
Polymers polymers are the giant molecules of chemistry. List of some common manmade polymers and their uses. Water treatment is an important end use for watersoluble polymers, especially polyacrylamide and. Natural polymers and synthetic polymers are the two major categories of polymers. The small buildingblock molecules are called monomers. These include wood, cotton, leather, rubber, wool, and silk. Polymer chemistry is an example of applied organic chemistry. Plastics are typically composed of artificial synthetic polymers. Natural polymers occur in nature and can be extracted. Some natural polymers are composed of one kind of monomer.
Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to natural biopolymers such as dna and proteins that. Advanced applications of natural polymers, including chitin, chitosan, alginate, etc. As you read in the last reading assignment, thermoplastics soften when heated and harden when cooled. Beyond the cis1,4 structure some reasons why synthetic rubber may never replace natural rubber.
Polyamides 11 and 12 and also 6,10 are also used for this purpose. Synthetic polymer an overview sciencedirect topics. Natural polymers and their application in drug delivery and biomedical field. Polymers class 12 notes chemistry mycbseguide cbse. Natural polymers and their application in drug delivery and. They usually have good mechanical properties, chemic. Natural polymers are the main forms of renewable biomass, which comes from the. Classification of polymers based on structure i linear polymers these are the polymers in which the monomer units are linked to one. Describe how the chemical structure of a polymer relates to its physical properties. The exact chemical composition and the sequence in which these units are arranged is called the primary structure, in the case of proteins. Natural rubber is a polymer of isoprene 2methyl1,3butadiene, see figure 1 in the form of folded polymeric chains which are joined in a network structure and. It cannot be raw material cost, since the source of synthetic polymers is crude oil or natural gas, prices of which have risen over the same period of time. They are broadly classified as natural polymers and synthetic polymers.
They are present abundantly in plants, animals and human beings. These identical structures, we understand as a unit made up of two or more molecules, join together to form a long chain. Natural polymers, pharmacy, xanthan gum, chitosan, ispaghula, sterculia gum. Natural polymers and their applications semantic scholar. The present paper gives a stateoftheart of available information on naturally available polymers and their versatile uses. Keratin monomers are amino acids, which form the primary structure of all proteins, a second group of natural polymers. Demand for natural watersoluble polymers will benefit from major trends in the food industry, including consumer preferences for natural ingredients and foods that promote health and wellness.
Modified polymer has found its application as a support material for gene delivery, cell culture, and tissue engineering. When polymers treated with chemical reaction it enhances the molecules weight, and process is termed as polymerization. But synthetic polymers are compounds made by humans that cannot be found naturally. What are the characteristics of synthetic polymers. Most of the polymers around us are made up of a hydrocarbon backbone. Their structure is not naturally occurring, so plastics are not biodegradable. Examples of such polymers are natural rubber, natural silk, cellulose, starch, proteins, etc. Natural polymers, pharmacy, xanthan gum, chitosan, ispaghula. Due to its properties, chitosan is widely used for biomedical applications 4. They are commonly found in a variety of consumer products. The challenge of using natural polymers or developing new biomaterials is not only to understand their mode of action in nature but also to correctly coordinate the complex interplay between chemistry, biology, physics, and engineering. The reactions by which all synthetic polymers and many natural polymers are formed. Read more about the classification of natural polymers at. Natural polymers and their application in drug delivery.
Based on the advancements in the understanding of the correlation between the polymer structure and properties and the natural processes, new materials were developed that have the properties and. The spectrum of applications of polymers is immense. Biopolymers are natural polymers produced by living organisms. These materials and their derivatives offer a wide range of properties and applications. The use of cellulose derivatives which are widely used for their physicochemical properties and cosmetic benefits are also discussed. Polyvinyl chloride is used in furniture and clothing and has recently become famous for the construction for doors and windows. They are suitable for solution or melt processing, and can be formulated with other polymers, resins, filters, pigments, oils, thickeners, waxes and stabilizers to obtain a desired balance of properties.
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